Relationship between tooth extraction and development of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw in cancer patients.

Introduction

Bone-modifying agents (BMAs) such as zoledronic acid and denosumab are widely used at a high dose for the treatment of skeletal-related events in cancer patients with bone metastases or multiple myeloma. However, patients receiving these drugs have been reported to develop a serious adverse event of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) 1 . MRONJ is a rare mandibular necrosis in patients receiving BMA therapy that mainly presents as bone exposure of the mandible to the oral cavity or skin. Symptoms such as swelling, pain, fistula formation, and pus discharge in the oral cavity or skin are observed, and as they progress, they may cause pathological fractures and sepsis. Although the frequency of MRONJ cannot be clarified because there are few prospective studies, in a phase III study investigating the efficacy and safety of zoledronic acid and denosumab, Saad et al. reported that MRONJ occurred in 89 of 5723 (1.6%) patients 2 . Appropriate first-line treatment of MRONJ is still controversial between conservative and surgical treatments 1 , 3 .

Studies have shown that invasive dental procedures such as tooth extraction are a risk factor for the onset of MRONJ 4 – 7 , and therefore, tooth extraction tends to be avoided in these patients. The 2014 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons (AAOMS) position paper on medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw update described that dentoalveolar surgeries such as tooth extraction are considered a major risk factor for developing MRONJ 1 . The Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer guidelines also recommend that elective dentoalveolar surgical procedures (e.g., nonmedically necessary extractions, alveoloplasties, and implants) should not be performed during active therapy with a BMA at an oncologic dose 8 .

However, avoiding tooth extraction will also preserve the teeth that can be the source of infection, and odontogenic infection is associated with a risk of developing MRONJ. Otto et al. 9 reported that tooth extraction in patients receiving bisphosphonates can be performed in a safe and predictable way and that the prevailing infectious conditions, and not the tooth extraction itself, may be a key risk factor for the development of MRONJ. We also previously reported that a longer duration of medication and the presence of a tooth with symptoms of local infection were significantly correlated with the development of MRONJ. However, tooth extraction itself was not a risk factor, although no clear conclusion can be drawn because of the small number of patients 10 . Thus, this study aimed to clarify whether tooth extraction is a risk factor for the development of MRONJ in cancer patients receiving BMA and propose an appropriate method of dental intervention in these patients.

Results

Characteristics of the evaluated jaws

The average patient age was 62.0 years. Of the 361 jaws analyzed, 215 and 146 jaws were from female and male patients, respectively, and 177 and 184 were the upper and lower jaws, respectively. The characteristics of the 361 jaws are summarized in Table 1 . The sort of BMA was bisphosphonate (zoledronic acid) 161 cases, denosumab in 189, and the both in 11. The choice between BP and denosumab was at the discretion of each medical doctor, but denosumab has been used more frequently these days than zoledronic acid. Clinical symptoms of local infection were observed in 30 jaws, whereas teeth that can be a source of infection (periapical lesion larger than 3 mm, alveolar bone loss lager than 1/2, or probing pocket depth larger than 4 mm) were found in 190 jaws. Table 1 Patient characteristics (per jaw). Variable Number of jaws/mean ± standard devision MRONJ (−) MRONJ (+) Age (years) 62 ± 11.8 61.6 ± 11.8 65.9 ± 10.7 Sex Female 215 193 22 Male 146 135 11 Primary site Upper jaw 177 164 13 Lower jaw 184 164 20 Smoking habit (−) 300 270 30 (+) 57 54 3 Diabetes (−) 321 294 29 (+) 38 34 4 Corticosteroid (−) 320 290 30 (+) 41 38 3 Leukocytes (/μL) 2443 ± 2091 2433 ± 2066 2537 ± 2353 Albumin (g/dL) 2.96 ± 0.762 2.95 ± 0.773 3.06 ± 0.641 Sort of BMA BP 161 149 12 Dmab 189 169 20 BP → Dmab 11 10 1 Duration of administration (days) 243 ± 631 221 ± 602 455 ± 850 Number of teeth 11.2 ± 3.58 11.3 ± 3.57 10.5 ± 3.63 Symptom of local infection (−) 331 311 20 (+) 30 17 13 Teeth that can be a source of infection (−) 171 162 9 (+) 190 166 24 Tooth extraction during BMA therapy (−) 334 306 28 (+) 27 22 5 Teeth that can be a source of infection: periapical lesion (> 3 mm) or alveolar bone loss (> 1/2) or probing pocket depth (> 4 mm).

MRONJ occurred in 33 jaws (13 and 20 upper and lower jaws, respectively). The cumulative incidence rates of MRONJ at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years were 8.1%, 14.7%, 18.2%, 18.2%, and 23.3%, respectively (Fig. 1 ). Figure 1 Cumulative occurrence rate of MRONJ. The incidence of MRONJ increases over time, and the 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-year cumulative occurrence rates are 8.1%, 14.7%, 18.2%, 18.2%, and 23.3%, respectively.

Risk factors of MRONJ

Table 2 shows the results of the Cox regression analysis for the risk factors of MRONJ. On univariate analysis, the presence of symptoms of local infection ( P < 0.001) and teeth that can be a source of infection ( P = 0.006) were significantly correlated with the development of MRONJ. In the Cox proportional hazards model of age, duration of administration of BMA, number of teeth, symptom of local infection, teeth that can be a source of infection, and tooth extraction during BMA therapy, four factors were found to independently influence the risk of MRONJ. These were longer duration of BMA administration ( P = 0.006), fewer number of teeth ( P = 0.033), presence of symptom of local infection ( P < 0.001), and teeth that can be a source of infection ( P = 0.049). Tooth extraction during BMA therapy did not increase the risk of MRONJ in both univariate and multivariate analyses. Table 2 Relationship between each variable and development of MRONJ (per jaw). Variable Univariate analysis Multivariate analysis p -value HR 95% CI p -value HR 95% CI Age (years) 0.083 1.028 0.996–1.060 0.319 1.019 0.983–1.056 Sex Female vs. male 0.893 1.051 0.509–2.172 Primary site upper vs. lower jaw 0.249 1.508 0.750–3.031 Smoking (−) vs. (+) 0.302 0.535 0.163–1.756 Diabetes (−) vs. (+) 0.739 1.195 0.420–3.402 Corticosteroid (−) vs. (+) 0.617 0.738 0.224–2.428 Leukocytes (10 2 /μL) 0.996 1.000 0.984–1.016 Albumin (g/dL) 0.379 0.813 0.512–1.290 Sort of BMA Bisphosphonate vs. denosumab 0.317 1.351 0.750–2.436 Duration of administration (months) 0.143 1.008 0.997–1.019 0.010 1.016 1.004–1.029 Number of teeth 0.066 0.920 0.842–1.005 0.033 0.898 0.813–0.991 Symptom of local infection (−) vs. (+) < 0.001 8.865 4.397–17.875 < 0.001 7.900 3.605–17.311 Teeth that can be a source of infection (−) vs. (+) 0.004 3.125 1.450–6.737 0.047 2.381 1.013–5.600 Tooth extraction during BMA therapy (−) vs. (+) 0.067 2.460 0.940–6.439 0.610 1.298 0.477–3.534 *Cox regression analysis. Teeth that can be a source of infection: periapical lesion (> 3 mm) or aloveolar bone loss (> 1/2) or probing pocket depth (> 4 mm).

Effect of tooth extraction during BMA therapy on the risk of MRONJ

There were significant differences in the patient characteristics between those who did and did not undergo tooth extraction (Table 3 ). Thus, propensity score matching was performed for an unbiased analysis of the effect of tooth extraction itself on the development of MRONJ. Propensity scores were calculated for 361 jaws using logistic regression analysis of six variables (i.e., age, primary site, duration of administration of BMA, number of teeth, symptom of local infection, and teeth that can be a source of infection). The concordance index (c-index) was 0.557, which indicated a strong capability to differentiate between patients undergoing tooth extraction and not undergoing tooth extraction. The Hosmer–Lemeshow statistic was insignificant ( P = 0.764), indicating good calibration. The propensity scores, which reflected the probability that a patient would receive tooth extraction during BMA therapy, ranged from 0.01762 to 0.27025 in the non-extraction group, and from 0.01398 to 0.28804 in the extraction group. Table 3 Background factors of patients with and without tooth extraction. Variable Without extraction With extraction p value Age (years) 61.9 ± 11.7 63.6 ± 12.8 0.463 Primary site Upper jaw 163 14 0.842 Lower jaw 171 13 Duration of administration (days) 229 ± 637 412 ± 534 0.147 Number of teeth 11.3 ± 3.51 9.52 ± 3.96 0.011 Symptom of local infection (−) 312 19 0.001 (+) 22 8 Teeth that can be a source of infection (-) 166 5 0.002 (+) 168 22 Total 334 jaws 27 jaws

After propensity score matching, the characteristics of the two groups were already balanced (Table 4 ). The cumulative incidence of MRONJ was calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method for the 48 jaws. Figure 2 shows the relationship between tooth extraction during BMA therapy and the development of MRONJ before and after matching. Before matching, there was no significant difference in the incidence of MRONJ between the tooth extraction group and the no-extraction group. The tooth extraction group tended to develop MRONJ earlier than did the no-extraction group, although the difference in the timing was not significant. After matching, the incidence of MRONJ was significantly lower in the tooth extraction group than that in the no-extraction group. Table 4 Background factors of patients with and without tooth extraction after propensity score matching. Variable Without extraction With extraction p value Age (years) 66.2 ± 9.44 62.4 ± 13.0 0.259 Primary site Upper jaw 13 12 1.000 Lower jaw 11 12 Duration of administration (days) 506 ± 980 308 ± 408 0.368 Number of teeth 10.9 ± 2.91 9.83 ± 3.92 0.301 Symptom of local infection (−) 17 19 0.740 (+) 7 5 Teeth that can be a source of infection (−) 7 5 0.740 (+) 17 19 Total 24 jaws 24 jaws Figure 2 Relationship between tooth extraction and development of MRONJ. ( A ): Overall, MRONJ occurs earlier when tooth extraction is performed, although there is no significant difference in MRONJ incidence between the extraction and no-extraction groups. ( B ). After propensity score matching, the incidence of MRONJ is higher in the no-extraction group, indicating that tooth extraction significantly lowers the risk of MRONJ.

Discussion

In this retrospective observational study, it was revealed that tooth extraction is not a risk factor for developing MRONJ in cancer patients receiving high-dose BMA, but that preserving teeth that require tooth extraction is a risk factor for developing MRONJ.

Many observational studies have reported that tooth extraction is a major risk factor for the development of MRONJ in cancer patients receiving BMA therapy, and thus, tooth extraction has been avoided. Several studies have also reported that MRONJ occurs in 52–61% of patients with a history of tooth extraction. In a longitudinal cohort study by Vahtsevanos et al. 6 , 60/1621 (4.9%) patients with breast cancer, prostate cancer, or multiple myeloma treated with bisphosphonate developed MRONJ. Furthermore, tooth extraction was associated with a 33-fold increase in the risk of MRONJ. Saad et al. 2 reported that 89 of 5723 patients (1.6%) with bone metastasis secondary to solid tumor or multiple myeloma developed MRONJ, and 61.8% of the MRONJ patients underwent tooth extraction during BMA therapy. Felm et al. 11 reported that 10 of 345 (2.9%) patients with breast cancer or gynecological malignancies developed MRONJ, and 6 of the 10 MRONJ patients had a history of recent tooth extraction. Kyrgidis et al. 5 also reported that a history of tooth extraction during zoledronic acid treatment increased the risk of developing MRONJ by 16-fold in 20 MRONJ patients with breast cancer. Similarly, there are many reports that tooth extraction is a risk of developing MRONJ 12 – 18 .

However, some studies also reported that tooth extraction during BMA therapy does not influence the risk of developing MRONJ. Otto et al. 9 reported that tooth extraction is safe and feasible in patients receiving bisphosphonates, even in high-risk patients, when performed according to established guidelines. Further, it is not the tooth extraction itself, but rather the prevailing infectious conditions that may be a key risk factor for the development of MRONJ. Similarly, our previous study of 135 cancer patients receiving BMA therapy, 18 of whom developed MRONJ, showed that the risk factors for developing MRONJ were a longer duration of BMA administration and the presence of local infection symptom. However, tooth extraction did not increase such risk 10 . Tooth extraction as a risk factor for developing MRONJ is based on the fact that many MRONJ patients have a history of tooth extraction or that MRONJ commonly occur in BMA-treated patients who undergo tooth extractions. However, most teeth that require extraction are associated with local infections, such as periodontal disease or periapical lesion. Thus, a matched analysis would achieve more accurate results considering the large bias between patients who undergo and do not undergo tooth extraction.

However, to our best knowledge, no study has compared the incidence of MRONJ between extraction and no-extraction cases after adjusting for confounding factors of local infection. In this study, although the difference was not significant, the incidence of MRONJ was higher in the tooth extraction group than in the no-extraction group. However, after adjusting for confounders, the incidence of MRONJ was significantly higher in the no-extraction group. This indicates that extracting teeth with local infection (e.g., periodontal disease, periapical lesion, or deep probing pocket depth) lowers the risk of MRONJ. The Kaplan–Meier curves for the cumulative incidence of MRONJ also showed no difference between the two groups up to after 1 year. Thereafter, the no-extraction group showed a higher onset curve than the extraction group. From a clinical point of view, we think that in patients receiving BMA, teeth that can be a source of infection should be extracted. Especially in patients with a long expected prognosis, tooth extraction is highly recommended because the incidence of MRONJ increases significantly as the survival time increases without tooth extraction. Even if the expected prognosis for life is short, tooth extraction itself does not become a risk of developing MRONJ, so it is not appropriate to hesitate to extract teeth if there are clinical symptoms and conservative dental treatment cannot be expected to cure.

Although tooth extraction should be considered in cancer patients receiving BMA who have teeth that can be a source of infection, it is also known that the incidence of MRONJ after tooth extraction is high. Thus, a tooth extraction method that does not cause MRONJ needs to be developed. In our previous multicenter retrospective analysis of 163 tooth extractions in cancer patients receiving BMA therapy, MRONJ occurred in 25.2% of patients with teeth and root amputation. Immunosuppressive therapy, extraction of mandibular teeth, extraction of teeth with pre-existing inflammation, and a longer duration (≥ 8 months) of high-dose BMA therapy were significantly associated with MRONJ 19 . Otto et al. 9 performed tooth extraction with the following prophylactic interventions: (1) prolonged antibiotic prophylaxis, (2) atraumatic extraction, (3) smoothing of sharp bony edges, and 4) mucosal wound closure. Only 4 of the 43 cancer patients receiving BMA therapy developed MRONJ. Lodi et al. 20 advocated the following procedures to prevent MRONJ: (1) mouth rinsing with 0.2% chlorhexidine once a day; (2) removal of dental plaques and calculi and professional oral hygiene treatment 2–3 weeks before the extraction; (3) starting 1 g amoxicillin every 8 h 3 days before the extraction and continuing for 17 days; and (4) debridement and curettage of the extraction socket to remove all granulation and infected tissues, vertical incision in the mesial and distal teeth, coronally advancing the flap, and finally mucoperiosteal flap repair to completely close the extraction socket. None of the 23 cancer patients receiving BMA therapy who underwent tooth extraction according to the above procedures developed MRONJ.

Another study on tooth extraction methods also advocated the effectiveness of primary wound closure and perioperative antibiotic therapy for the prevention of MRONJ after tooth extraction 21 , 22 . Şahin et al. 23 reported that platelet-rich fibrin effectively prevents the onset of MRONJ after tooth extraction in both osteoporosis and cancer patients receiving BMA. However, despite the several studies on tooth extraction methods that suppress the onset of MRONJ, most of them have no control group or found no significant difference in the incidence of MRONJ between the treatment and control groups. A systematic review by Lopez-Jornet et al. 24 concluded that there are no published scientific data to sufficiently support any specific treatment protocol, including the use of autologous platelet concentrate, for the treatment or prevention of MRONJ. The results of our study support the need for dental intervention in patients receiving high-dose BMA (Fig. 3 ). Apical lesions of 3 mm or more, alveolar bone loss of 1/2 or more, and probing pocket depth of 4 mm or more are considered as teeth that can be infected. Teeth that can be a source of infection with local infection symptoms (swelling, pain, redness, or pus discharge) and are difficult to treat conservatively are extracted. Meanwhile, those without local infection but can still be a source of infection can be treated with conservative dental procedures such as root canal and periodontal treatment including periodontal surgery. Figure 3 Schema for dental intervention in patients receiving high-dose BMA.

This study had some limitations. First, this was a retrospective observational study and not a controlled study. Although the confounding factors in the extraction and no-extraction groups were adjusted with propensity score matching, it is still desirable to conduct a case–control study because of the possibility of unknown confounding factors. Second, because tooth extraction has been avoided in patients receiving high-dose BMA, only a small number of patients remained after matching. Third, the factors that may affect the healing process, such as tooth extraction procedures and antibiotic administration periods, are yet to be established. Despite these limitations, we believe that this study is valuable because to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show via propensity score matching analysis that early tooth extraction lowered the incidence of MRONJ in cancer patients receiving high-dose BMA therapy.

In conclusion, this is the first study to show that in patients with teeth that can be a source of infection, extraction of teeth even after the start of BMA administration may reduce the risk of developing MRONJ. In addition, we attempted to create a flow chart of recommended dental procedures for patients receiving high-dose BMA. We hope that similar research will be conducted in the future and that a method for preventing MRONJ in BMA-administered patients will be established.

Methods

Study design and patients

This multicenter, retrospective observational study included 189 patients with malignant tumors who received high-dose BMA therapies (zoledronate 4 mg/4 weeks, or denosumab 120 mg/4 weeks) who first visited Nagasaki University Hospital between January 2011 and December 2019 or Kansai Medical University Hospital between January 2014 and December 2019. Since a certain follow-up period is required, the final observation date was set to June 30, 2020. All patients were referred to the dental unit of the relevant hospital and underwent panoramic X-ray examinations and dental treatments. Patients receiving BMA underwent oral hygiene guidance, removal of dental calculus, professional mechanical tooth cleaning, and other necessary dental treatments. Japanese Position Paper 3 recommends that tooth extraction be avoided as much as possible in patients receiving high-dose BMA. However, if treatment is difficult other than tooth extraction, the dentist may decide to extract the tooth. Patients were followed up for as long as their general condition allowed, and clinical and imaging examinations were performed every 3 months. Patients who were not followed up for at least 3 months were excluded from the study. Given that there may be a difference in the incidence of MRONJ after tooth extraction between the maxilla and mandible, the evaluation was performed per jaw and not per person. MRONJ was diagnosed using the AAOMS criteria 1 . After excluding 17 edentulous jaws of 17 patients, 361 jaws of 189 patients were evaluated.

Variables

The variables examined were as follows: (1) demographic factors of age and sex; (2) general conditions: diabetes, smoking habits, administration of corticosteroids, leukocyte count, and serum albumin levels; (3) treatment factors: type of BMA (BP or Dmab) and duration from the start of BMA administration to referral to the dental unit; (4) dental factors: number of residual teeth, clinical symptoms of local infection (pain, swelling, redness, or pus discharge) and abnormal X-ray findings (periapical lesion larger than 3 mm, alveolar bone loss of more than 1/2, probing pocket depth larger than 4 mm, and pericoronitis), and tooth extraction after starting BMA administration; and (5) development of MRONJ. Referring to Yamagata's report 25 on oral management of hematopoietic stem cell patients, but from a more preventive point of view, tooth with periapical lesions larger than 3 mm, alveolar bone loss of more than 1/2, or probing pocket depth larger than 4 mm was defined as "a tooth that can be a source of infection". Tooth extractions were performed by various dentists rather than by a specific dentist. Japanese Position Paper 3 recommends removal of bone edge and closure with mucosal periosteal flap when extracting teeth in patients receiving high-dose BMA. Therefore, in all tooth extraction cases, the wound was primary sutured.

Statistical analysis

The cumulative occurrence rate of MRONJ was calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method and was analyzed using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis. To confirm the effect of post-BMA tooth extraction on the risk of MRONJ, the characteristics of the patients who did and did not undergo tooth extraction cases were adjusted using propensity score matching. Propensity scores of tooth extraction and non-extraction groups were calculated using logistic regression analysis, and the propensity score values of both groups were matched with 1/4 of the standard deviation of the propensity score as the allowable value. Then the cumulative incidence rate was calculated with the Kaplan–Meier method and analyzed using the log rank test. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software (version 24.0; Japan IBM Co., Tokyo, Japan). All analyses were two-tailed, and P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Ethics

The study protocol conformed to the ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and the Ethical Guidelines for Medical and Health Research involving Human Subjects by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Boards (IRB) of Nagasaki University Hospital (No. 21021501). Japanese law does not require individual informed consent from participants in non-invasive observational trials such as the present study. Therefore, the need for informed consent was waived. As this was a retrospective study, patient identifiable information was removed, and the research plan was published on the homepages of the participating hospitals websites, along with an opt-out option in accordance with IRB instructions.

Publisher's note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Acknowledgements

We thank Editage ( www.editage.jp ) for English-language editing.

Author contributions

Study design: S.S. and M.U.. Data collection: S.S., M.O., S.H., M.M., Sh.S., Y.K. Data analysis: S.S., M.U., and M.F.. Data interpretation: S.S., S.Y., and M.U. Drafting manuscript: S.S. Revising manuscript content: M.O., S.H., M.M., S.Y., S.S., Y.K., M.F., H.I., M.U., and T.S. Approving final version of manuscript: S.S., M.O., S.H., M.M., S.Y., Sh.S., Y.K., M.F., H.I., M.U., and T.S. S.S. and M.U. accept responsibility for the integrity of the data analysis. All the authors agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

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