Physiology of bone healing and bone grafts.

Contemporary head and neck hard tissue reconstruction incorporates bone transfers in the treatment of osseous discontinuity defects subsequent to congenital malformation, traumatic injury, ablative oncologic surgery, and failures of physiologic osteosynthesis. Bone grafts may also be applied in contour augmentation and in strengthening and stabilization roles in congenital and acquired aesthetic as well as posttraumatic deformities. The osseous healing process is dynamic and unique. An understanding of the physiology of these processes allows the reconstructive surgeon to choose techniques and donor sites appropriate to specific requirements, to maximize transplanted bone volume, to achieve consistent and reliable results, and to modulate the osseous healing process in a favorable direction.