Oxidative Stress and Biomarkers in Craniofacial Fractures Healing: From Lipid Peroxidation to Antioxidant Therapies.

Facial bone fractures represent a significant clinical challenge due to their impact on function, aesthetics, and quality of life. Despite advances in imaging and surgical techniques, early and accurate assessment of the healing process remains limited. Conventional diagnostic methods often detect complications, such as delayed union or non-union, too late for optimal intervention. Oxidative stress-an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defenses-plays a critical role in bone regeneration. In this review, biomarkers are presented in two main categories: (1) oxidative damage biomarkers (lipid peroxidation products: malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal, and F2-isoprostanes) and (2) antioxidant biomarkers (glutathione, enzymatic antioxidants: SOD, GPx, CAT). Their potential as non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic tools in craniofacial fracture healing is evaluated, along with emerging therapeutic strategies. Monitoring their levels in blood samples may provide real-time insights into the dynamics of fracture repair, enabling earlier detection of healing disturbances and informing personalized treatment approaches.