Unveiling Prognostic and Diagnostic Biomarkers in Knee and Hip Osteoarthritis: A Targeted Review.

Osteoarthritis is a multifactorial condition marked by the gradual deterioration of joint cartilage, synovial inflammation, alterations in the subchondral bone and changes in the surrounding soft tissues. Clinical assessments and patient-reported outcome measures can identify pathological tissue alterations in osteoarthritis, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation of osteophytes, bone sclerosis, and joint space reduction. Although available treatments can help manage symptoms, early identification of prognostic factors for osteoarthritis progression is crucial for personalizing interventions and improving long-term outcomes. Therefore, it is essential to identify the key factors that can influence the disease's progression, including biological, mechanical, and clinical aspects. This review synthesizes current findings on the prognostic and diagnostic value of various biomarkers (systemic, intrinsic) and prognostic factors (biochemical, genetic, epigenetic) in knee and hip osteoarthritis. We also discuss the role of machine learning tools in identifying new biomarkers associated with osteoarthritis development and progression, paving the way for translation to clinical studies. In addition, we discuss recent studies aimed at identifying potential biomarkers and molecules that could serve as therapeutic strategies for osteoarthritis treatment.