Misidentification of Brucella melitensis as Ochrobactrum species: potential pitfalls in the diagnosis of brucellosis.

We describe a case of brucellosis in a man in his 20s, who presented to the emergency department with a 1-month history of fevers, dry cough and knee pain. Blood cultures were positive after 55 hours and Ochrobactrum daejeonense was identified on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. Ochrobactrum spp are Gram-negative organisms that are phylogenetically related to Brucella spp but commercially available MALDI-TOF libraries cannot distinguish between the two genera. Further positive blood cultures for O. daejeonense combined with characteristic growth patterns for Brucella spp led to targeted questioning of the patient regarding potential exposure risks, which revealed a history of consumption of unpasteurised camel milk in the Middle East 3 months earlier. Treatment of brucellosis was initiated and subsequent whole genome sequencing identified the blood culture isolate as Brucella melitensis confirming the diagnosis of brucellosis. This case highlights the challenges in the diagnosis of brucellosis in low-incidence settings.