Biologic response modifiers to decrease inflammation: Focus on infection risks.

Biologic response modifiers are a novel class of drugs used by sub-specialists to treat immune-mediated conditions such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Also known as 'cytokine inhibitors', they are proteins whose purpose is to block the action of cytokines involved in inflammation. The desired therapeutic effect is to reduce or control inflammation. Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) inhibitors are the prototypes, but newer agents in this class target other cytokines such as interleukin(IL)-6, IL-12, and IL-23, or the proteins that target cytokine receptors on lymphocytes. They typically act by inhibiting the normal inflammatory processes involved in the immune response, particularly for macrophages. These agents are often used in combination with other immunosuppressive drugs such as methotrexate or steroids. The immune-modulating effects can persist days to weeks after discontinuation. Evidence indicates that patients treated with biologic response modifiers are at higher risk of tuberculosis infection and may be at higher risk of fungal or other infections with intracellular pathogens. This practice point offers guidelines on the preventive strategies that should be used in patients who will be or who are taking these immune-modifying agents. Biologic response modifiers are a novel class of drugs used by sub-specialists to treat immune-mediated conditions such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. Also known as ‘cytokine inhibitors’, they are proteins whose purpose is to block the action of cytokines involved in inflammation. The desired therapeutic effect is to reduce or control inflammation. Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) inhibitors are the prototypes, but newer agents in this class target other cytokines such as interleukin(IL)-6, IL-12, and IL-23, or the proteins that target cytokine receptors on lymphocytes. They typically act by inhibiting the normal inflammatory processes involved in the immune response, particularly for macrophages. These agents are often used in combination with other immunosuppressive drugs such as methotrexate or steroids. The immune-modulating effects can persist days to weeks after discontinuation. Evidence indicates that patients treated with biologic response modifiers are at higher risk of tuberculosis infection and may be at higher risk of fungal or other infections with intracellular pathogens. This practice point offers guidelines on the preventive strategies that should be used in patients who will be or who are taking these immune-modifying agents.