ANALYSIS OF RISK FACTORS AND THEIR IMPACT ON BONE HEALTH STATUS IN KAZAKH POPULATIONS.

BACKGROUND

Osteoporosis is a serious public health problem worldwide, especially among the aging population. It is characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD), which leads to an increased risk of fractures. Despite the growing burden, data on the prevalence of osteoporosis and related risk factors in Kazakhstan are limited. The purpose of this study was to assess the state of BMD and identify key risk factors associated with osteoporosis among adults aged 45 years and older in the Abay region of Kazakhstan.

METHODS

The cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2023 to March 2024 with 367 women. Data collection included measurement of BMD using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), a standardized questionnaire adapted by the International Osteoporosis Foundation, and laboratory tests (vitamin D, calcium, and alkaline phosphatase levels). The participants were grouped by age and BMD status. Statistical analysis included the chi-square criterion or Fisher's exact criterion for categorical variables and the Mann-Whitney U-test or Kruskal-Wallis criterion for continuous variables. Logistic regression was used to study the relationship between low BMD and demographic factors, lifestyle, and nutrition.

RESULTS

Osteopenia and osteoporosis were detected in 25.3% and 21.0% of participants, respectively, and their prevalence was significantly higher among people aged 56-65 years (p<0.004). Regression analysis showed that low BMD was significantly associated with older age (AOR 1.034; p=0.025), weight (AOR 0.975; p=0.071), lower BMI (AOR 0.989; p=0.764).

CONCLUSIONS

This study highlights the high prevalence of low BMD among middle-aged and older adults in the Abay region and underscores key modifiable risk factors, including older age, lower BMI, fracture history, and rheumatoid arthritis. These findings are essential for strengthening clinical diagnostic practices and guiding preventive strategies to reduce osteoporosis-related complications in the Kazakh population.