Systematic review, Meta-analysis, and Pan-genome analytics predict the surging of Brucella melitensis by China and India-specific strains, elucidating the demand for enhanced preparedness.

BACKGROUND

Brucellosis is an infectious disease in lower to moderate-income countries. It primarily affects small ruminant (sheep and goat) populations and can also be transmitted to mammals (humans). Brucella melitensis (B. melitensis) is the primary cause, posing a zoonotic threat. Controlling the spread of B. melitensis, especially in regions with high risk to humans and small ruminants, remains challenging. Current research explores the prevalence, genetic diversity, and prediction of brucellosis transmission in ruminants and humans.

METHODS

In this study, we developed an integrated database providing information on B. melitensis incidence in livestock from 2003 to 2024 and a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the prevalence by following the Cochran collaborators' Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using reputable sources. These included reputable sources of electronic databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Biomed Central, CeRA, Krishikosh, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global, and Web of Science, complemented by the Google Scholar search engine. We also utilized Zotero 5.0 and Rayyan QCR, two web-based tools. Time series model to predict incidence trends and pan-genomic analysis to determine genetic diversity across Asia and Africa.

RESULTS

Meta-analysis revealed an overall prevalence of 12 % of which the African continent rose at 7 % (95 % CI: 5-8 %, I2 = 99 %, τ2 = 0.03, P = 0), while the corresponding prevalence in the Asian continent constituted 12 % (95 % CI: 11-14 %, I2 = 99 %, τ2 = 0.02, P = 0). The Time series model predicts a rising trend in brucellosis incidence from 2023 to 2030. The pan-genome analysis identified Rev 1 (0.000712) strain from China and the CIIMS-PH-3 (0.000209) strains from India showed the highest branch length, considered to have more genetic diversity.

CONCLUSION

These findings underscore the critical need for ongoing surveillance models and research to monitor the evolving B. melitensis landscape. High-prevalence regions exhibit significant genetic diversity. Effective prevention & control and response & preparedness strategies, including precise detection through advanced diagnostics, robust surveillance models to track trends, and targeted vaccination of susceptible animals, are vital. Stringent quarantine protocols, biosecurity measures, and exploring herbal remedies as a complementary approach to conventional treatment are crucial to mitigate the brucellosis burden as a public health concern and its socioeconomic impact on livelihood.