TET-Yeasate: An engineered yeast whole-cell lysate-based approach for high performance tetracycline degradation.

The widespread of tetracycline (TC) residues in anthropogenic and natural environments pose an immediate threat to public health. Herein, we established the TET-Yeasate, an approach based on whole-cell lysate of engineered yeast, to mitigate the TC contamination in environment. The TET-Yeasate is defined as the biological matrix of whole cell lysate from engineered yeast that containing TC-degradative components (Tet(X), NADPH, Mg2+) and protective macromolecules. The TET-Yeasate was able to efficiently eliminate TC residues in tap water (98.8%), lake water (77.6%), livestock sewage (87.3%) and pharmaceutical wastewater (35.3%) without necessity for exogenous addition of expensive cofactors. The TET-Yeasate was further developed into lyophilized form for ease of storage and delivery. The TET-Yeasate in lyophilized form efficiently removed up to 74.6% TC residue within 0.25 h. In addition, the lyophilization confers promising resilience to TET-Yeasate against adverse temperatures and pH by maintaining degradation efficacy of 85.69%-97.83%. The stability test demonstrated that the biomacromolecules in lysate served as natural protectants that exerted extensive protection on TET-Yeasate during the 14-day storage at various conditions. In addition, 5 potential degradation pathways were elaborated based on the intermediate products. Finally, the analysis indicated that TET-Yeasate enjoyed desirable bio- and eco-safety without introduction of hazardous intermediates and spread of resistance genes. To summary, the TET-Yeasate based on whole cell lysate of engineered yeast provides a cost-effective and safe alternative to efficiently remove TC residues in environment, highlighting the great potential of such whole-cell based methods in environmental decontamination.