COVLIAS 2.0-cXAI: Cloud-Based Explainable Deep Learning System for COVID-19 Lesion Localization in Computed Tomography Scans.
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Suri Jasjit S, Agarwal Sushant, Chabert Gian Luca, Carriero Alessandro, Paschè Alessio, Danna Pietro S C, Saba Luca, Mehmedović Armin, Faa Gavino, Singh Inder M, Turk Monika, Chadha Paramjit S, Johri Amer M, Khanna Narendra N, Mavrogeni Sophie, Laird John R, Pareek Gyan, Miner Martin, Sobel David W, Balestrieri Antonella, Sfikakis Petros P, Tsoulfas George, Protogerou Athanasios D, Misra Durga Prasanna, Agarwal Vikas, Kitas George D, Teji Jagjit S, Al-Maini Mustafa, Dhanjil Surinder K, Nicolaides Andrew, Sharma Aditya, Rathore Vijay, Fatemi Mostafa, Alizad Azra, Krishnan Pudukode R, Nagy Ferenc, Ruzsa Zoltan, Fouda Mostafa M, Naidu Subbaram, Viskovic Klaudija, Kalra Mannudeep K
Аннотация
Background: The previous COVID-19 lung diagnosis system lacks both scientific validation and the role of explainable artificial intelligence (AI) for understanding lesion localization. This study presents a cloud-based explainable AI, the “COVLIAS 2.0-cXAI” system using four kinds of class activation maps (CAM) models. Methodology: Our cohort consisted of ~6000 CT slices from two sources (Croatia, 80 COVID-19 patients and Italy, 15 control patients). COVLIAS 2.0-cXAI design consisted of three stages: (i) automated lung segmentation using hybrid deep learning ResNet-UNet model by automatic adjustment of Hounsfield units, hyperparameter optimization, and parallel and distributed training, (ii) classification using three kinds of DenseNet (DN) models (DN-121, DN-169, DN-201), and (iii) validation using four kinds of CAM visualization techniques: gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM), Grad-CAM++, score-weighted CAM (Score-CAM), and FasterScore-CAM. The COVLIAS 2.0-cXAI was validated by three trained senior radiologists for its stability and reliability. The Friedman test was also performed on the scores of the three radiologists. Results: The ResNet-UNet segmentation model resulted in dice similarity of 0.96, Jaccard index of 0.93, a correlation coefficient of 0.99, with a figure-of-merit of 95.99%, while the classifier accuracies for the three DN nets (DN-121, DN-169, and DN-201) were 98%, 98%, and 99% with a loss of ~0.003, ~0.0025, and ~0.002 using 50 epochs, respectively. The mean AUC for all three DN models was 0.99 (p < 0.0001). The COVLIAS 2.0-cXAI showed 80% scans for mean alignment index (MAI) between heatmaps and gold standard, a score of four out of five, establishing the system for clinical settings. Conclusions: The COVLIAS 2.0-cXAI successfully showed a cloud-based explainable AI system for lesion localization in lung CT scans.