Chikungunya fever: General and oral healthcare implications.

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) was first isolated in humans in 1952, following an epidemic in Tanzania. The origin of the name means "to bend forward or become contorted," in reference to the posture adopted by patients due to the joint pain that occurs during the infection. Epidemiology data suggest that by the end of 2015, about 1.6 million people had been infected with CHIKV. The acute period of the disease is characterized by high fever, myalgia, joint pain, and severe and disabling polyarthritis, sometimes accompanied by headache, backache, and maculopapular rash, predominantly on the thorax. Around half of the patients will progress to the subacute and chronic phases, that is manifested by persistent polyarthritis/polyarthralgia, accompanied by morning stiffness and fatigue, which could remain for years. Oral features may include gingivitis possibly as a consequence of arthralgia of the hands leading to limited oral health measures as well as burning sensation and oral mucosal ulceration. Treatment in the acute phase includes acetaminophen, and weak opioids (tramadol or codeine) should be used in cases of severe or refractory pain. For patients who have progressed to the subacute stage and who have not had notable benefit from common analgesics or opioids, NSAIDs, or adjunctive pain medications (anticonvulsants or antidepressants) may be of benefit. In patients with moderate-to-severe musculoskeletal pain or in those who cannot be given or tolerate NSIADs or opiates, prednisolone should be prescribed.