MicroRNA-19b exacerbates systemic sclerosis through promoting Th9 cells.

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by fibrosis of the skin and multiple vital organs, but the immunological pathogenesis of SSc remains unclear. We show here that miR-19b promotes Th9 cells that exacerbate SSc. Specifically, miR-19b and interleukin (IL)-9 increase in CD4+ T cells in experimental SSc in mice induced with bleomycin. Inhibiting miR-19b reduces Th9 cells and ameliorates the disease. Mechanistically, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) plus IL-4 activates pSmad3-Ser213 and TRAF6-K63 ubiquitination by suppressing NLRC3. Activated TRAF6 sequentially promotes TGF-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p65 phosphorylation, leading to the upregulation of miR-19b. Notably, miR-19b activated Il9 gene expression by directly suppressing atypical E2F family member E2f8. In patients with SSc, higher levels of IL9 and MIR-19B correlate with worse disease progression. Our findings reveal miR-19b as a key factor in Th9 cell-mediated SSc pathogenesis and should have clinical implications for patients with SSc.