Remodeling the Inflammatory Microenvironment: Nanomaterial-Based Targeted Strategies for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Lupus Nephritis.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disorder, with Lupus Nephritis (LN) representing a severe complication that affects a significant proportion of patients. Current treatments, including corticosteroids and immunosuppressants, are limited by systemic toxicity and nonspecific biodistribution. Nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising strategy to overcome these challenges by improving drug solubility, facilitating targeted delivery, and reducing off-target effects. This review comprehensively discusses the rational design and application of advanced nanomaterials-such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, and biomimetic nanocarriers-in the context of SLE/LN therapy. It highlights how tailored nanoplatforms can selectively target key immune cells (e.g., T cells, B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells) and renal parenchymal cells, support combination therapy, and improve therapeutic outcomes while minimizing off-target effects. Furthermore, the review critically examines current challenges and future prospects for clinical translation, advocating for smarter nano-therapeutics capable of integrating immune modulation and organ-specific targeting. This work aims to bridge materials design and immunology, providing insights into next-generation treatments for SLE/LN diseases.