Lgr5+ stem cells and their progeny in mouse epidermis under regimens of exogenous skin carcinogenesis, and their absence in ensuing skin tumors.

OBJECTIVE

To observe the efficacy and safety of leflunomide combined with prednisone therapy (LEF therapy) in the treatment of patients with adult onset steroid-dependent and steroid-resistant minimal change disease (MCD).

METHODS

16 MCD patients who had been treated with LEF therapy were retrospectively analyzed. 87.5% (14/16) of the patients were steroid-dependent and 12.5% (2/16) of the patients were steroid-resistant. The initial dose of LEF was 10 - 20 mg/day combined with prednisone 0.25 - 1.0 mg/kg/day, gradually tapering after 8 weeks. Clinical and laboratory data at baseline, 2nd, 4th, 8th, 12th, 24th, and 48th week were analyzed compared with initial course of prednisone monotherapy (PRED monotherapy) and cyclophosphamide combined with prednisone therapy (CTX therapy).

RESULTS

All the 16 patients achieved different levels of remission in LEF therapy. 93.8% (15/16) of the patients, including the two steroid-resistant patients, achieved complete remission. During the treatment, 8 patients had adverse effects which could be well tolerated. Compared LEF therapy with PRED monotherapy (n = 16), the dose of prednisone to maintain remission was reduced (from median 22.5 mg/day to median 7.5 mg/day, p = 0.041); relapse rate during the follow-up decreased from 100% to 31.3% (p = 0.002); the median time before relapse increased from 20.3 weeks to 32.5 weeks. Compared LEF therapy with CTX therapy (n = 12), the dose of prednisone to maintain remission was reduced significantly (from median 22.5 mg/day to median 5.0 mg/day, p = 0.003); relapse rate during the follow-up decreased from 100% to 31.3% (p = 0.001); the median time before relapse increased from 11.7 weeks to 32.5 weeks.

CONCLUSIONS

LEF therapy seems to be effective in steroid-resistant and steroiddependent MCD. This therapy may reduce the amount of prednisone to maintain remission and reduce the relapse rate compared with PRED monothrerapy and CTX therapy. LEF therapy was usually well tolerated.