Advances and challenges in Toll-like receptor-targeted therapy for rheumatoid arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that is challenging to manage with current therapies. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a significant role in the pathogenesis of RA, making TLR-targeted therapies promising. This review summarizes recent advances in the characteristics of TLRs and highlights therapeutic strategies targeting TLRs. Representative agents such as OPN-305, OPN-301, imiquimod, and antidepressants have demonstrated therapeutic potential by modulating TLR signaling in RA pathological manifestations. TollB-001, a novel small molecular drug, represents a potential breakthrough in RA therapy. Despite promising preclinical and clinical outcomes with agents including IMO-3100, DV-1179, and R848, challenges remain regarding efficacy variability and immune-related safety. This review aims to provide insights into TLR-based interventions and inform the development of future strategies for more effective management.