Epidural steroid injections for low back pain.

Epidural steroid injection (ESI) has been used as a treatment for low back pain for over 50 years. In the last 10 to 15 years, there has been a significant increase in the use of ESIs for the treatment of low back pain and radicular pain without clear improvements in outcomes. Recent literature has focused on the use of ESIs as treatment for radicular pain associated with low back pain, with some studies showing benefit over control groups for limb symptoms. There is a lack of literature, however, to support the use of ESIs for the treatment of axial low back pain. The theoretical basis for their use, technical considerations, and the literature available for different approaches of access to the epidural space as pertaining to the treatment for low back pain without radiculopathy are reviewed.