Sarcopenia and osteoporosis.

Sarcopenia and osteoporosis are common, interconnected conditions, in aging populations that lead to increased frailty, disability and a heightened risk of falls and fractures. Sarcopenia is the progressive loss of muscle mass, strength and function, that often coexists with osteoporosis, which is characterized by reduced bone strenght for a decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and altered bone quality. Together, these conditions form a clinical syndrome known as osteosarcopenia. Both disorders share common risk factors, including chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and hormonal changes, which accelerate the deterioration of musculoskeletal health. This chapter discusses the overlapping pathophysiology and highlights the importance of early diagnosis and integrated therapeutic strategies. Nutritional approaches, such as ensuring adequate protein, vitamin D, and calcium intake, combined with resistance training, are essential to preserving muscle and bone health. Pharmacological treatments, including bisphosphonates for osteoporosis and emerging therapies like selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) and myostatin inhibitors for sarcopenia, offer promising avenues for comprehensive management. A multifaceted approach targeting both conditions can reduce the risk of falls and fractures, ultimately improving quality of life in older adults.