The surgical management of fracture-related infection. Surgical strategy selection and the need for early surgical intervention.

The aim of this narrative review is to describe the various surgical management strategies employed in fracture-related infection (FRI), to explore how they are selected and discuss the rationale for early surgical intervention. Surgical treatment options in patients with FRI include debridement, antibiotics and implant retention (DAIR), revision (exchange) or removal. In selecting a treatment strategy, a variety of factors need to be considered, including the condition of the bone, soft tissues, host and causative microorganism. Irrespective of the selected treatment strategy, prompt surgical intervention should be considered in order to confirm the diagnosis of an FRI, to identify the causative organism, remove necrotic or non-viable tissue that can serve as a nidus for ongoing infection, ensure a healthy soft tissue envelope and to prevent the vicious cycle of infection associated with skeletal and/or implant instability. Ultimately, the objective is to prevent the establishment of a persistent infection. Urgent surgery may be indicated in case of active, progressive disease with systemic deterioration, local progression of infection, deterioration of soft tissues, or progressive fracture instability. In case of static disease, the patient should be monitored closely and surgery can be performed on an elective basis, allowing adequate time for optimisation of the host through risk factor modification, optimisation of the soft tissues and careful planning of the surgery.