Regulated cell death in systemic lupus erythematosus: Key pathways and targeted therapies.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by pathological auto-antibody production and severe immune dysregulation. Dysfunction in regulated cell death (RCD) pathways is crucial in SLE development. Abnormal cell death and cell debris clearance disorder within tissues promote the exposure and accumulation of auto-antigens, activate self-reaction B cells, and amplify interferon type I (IFN-I) reaction. Meanwhile, immune microenvironment disorder caused by abnormal RCD of immune cells exacerbate this response. The review systematically expounds the pathogenic mechanisms of both classical and novel RCD pathways in SLE. By comparing shared and disease-specific RCD dysregulation between SLE and other autoimmune diseases, we evaluate innovative RCD-targeted therapies, offering new insights on SLE pathogenesis and precision treatment.