Drug-Induced Retinal Toxicity.

Despite the protective blood-ocular barrier, various drugs can induce retinal damage, manifesting as retinal pigment epithelium dysfunction, photoreceptor degeneration, vascular abnormalities, ganglion cell damage, optic nerve impairment, or uveitis. These toxic effects are often linked to mechanisms such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cytoskeletal disruption. Early detection through advanced imaging techniques like optical coherence tomography (OCT) and multifocal electroretinography (mfERG), combined with timely intervention, is critical to preventing irreversible vision loss.