Applications of Proteomics, Glycomics, and Metabolomics Analyses in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a multifactorial autoimmune disorder in-fluenced by genetic predisposition, immune dysregulation, environmental triggers, and epi-genetic modifications. Despite advances in treatment, many patients experience recurrent symptoms and adverse effects. Recent large-scale studies have revealed significant alterations in proteins, glycopeptides, and metabolites in SLE, deepening our understanding of its path-ogenesis. Emerging omics technologies, such as proteomics, glycomics, and metabolomics, enable the high-throughput identification of disease-related biomarkers. However, biological processes are typically driven by the interplay among multiple molecular layers. Therefore, integrative multi-omics approaches have become essential for uncovering potential bi-omarkers and risk factors. This review summarizes the classification of SLE biomarkers and recent advances in diagnostic applications across proteomics, glycomics, and metabolomics, aiming to support the development of more precise diagnostic strategies for SLE.