Factors predicting outcomes from chronic pain management interventions.

Chronic pain is the leading cause of years lost to disability worldwide, by a large margin, affecting 20-34% of the world's population. Chronic pain is the target for an increasing number of invasive and expensive treatments, supported by different levels of evidence. At a time when personalised medicine, driven in part by the growth of artificial intelligence, is surging, a scoping review on the factors that affect pain outcomes for procedural interventions is needed. A scoping review is important because placebo controlled trials for the most commonly used treatments consistently show small-to-moderate effect sizes of <0.5 that are often overshadowed by the placebo effect. In this article, personal characteristics, and social and clinical factors that influence surgical and non-surgical procedure pain and functional outcomes are reviewed, their intersectionality is briefly explored, and the evidence base for how dealing with these factors can influence outcomes is outlined.