Breaking the ice: exploring sex-based variations in the mechanics of ice hockey slap shots.

The objective of this study was to compare joint angles and spatiotemporal variables between male and female ice hockey players during skating slap shots. Thirty-nine collegiate players (25 men, 14 women) participated. Kinematic data were collected using a Xsens 17-inertial measurement system. Key variables included joint angles for the trunk, upper, and lower extremities, as well as temporal measures for shot execution time, and the backswing, downswing, and follow-through phases. Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) was applied to analyse sex-based differences in joint kinematics. Temporal data were compared using two-way ANOVAs. Results indicated that males exhibited longer backswing and downswing phases, contributing to longer overall shot execution times. Males also demonstrated greater trunk flexion and lead shoulder flexion, while females showed more lead shoulder abduction, elbow flexion, and trail wrist extension during the backswing and downswing phases. These findings highlight the influence of anatomical and strength differences on slap shot mechanics. Considering sex-specific biomechanical differences in the development of training regimens and equipment design may enhance performance and development in ice hockey for all.