Advancement on nanoparticles-based approaches for the management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA): molecular mechanism, toxicity, and clinical perspectives.

The nanoparticles (NPs) exhibited significant pharmacological potential due to their inherent physicochemical and biological characteristics in biomedical and tissue engineering applications. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, inflammatory, genetically modulated disorder of the inflamed bone joints, resulting in discomfort and slow degeneration of the synovial membrane and cartilage. The conventional therapeutics for RA exhibited several limitations, predominantly inadequate pharmacokinetic properties and site-specific delivery. In this context, nanoparticles can enhance targeted drug delivery through the synovial membrane, regulate immune responses, provide real-time disease monitoring, and improve bioavailability. In addition, several therapeutics-loaded nanoparticles also promoted chondrocyte proliferation and matrix synthesis, which may support cartilage regeneration. Thus, the primary objective of this comprehensive review was to assess the various nanoparticle-based treatment approaches for RA management. The article initially delves into the primary molecular mechanism and genetic factors in RA progression, comprehends the recommended treatment protocol to justify the need for nanoparticles in RA treatment. This review discusses a comprehensive explication of advancement in nanoparticle treatment strategies and safety assessments. This article is a unique composition of different NPs effectiveness, toxicity assessment, focusing on the genetic modulation in RA management along with toxicity assessment and clinical perspectives.