Long-term clinical outcome of maxillofacial fractures in horses: A retrospective study of 30 cases (2020-2024).

OBJECTIVE

To assess long-term outcome, complications, and return to function in horses with maxillofacial fractures.

STUDY

DESIGN

Retrospective observational study.

ANIMALS: A total of 30 horses with skull fractures (2020-2024).

METHODS

Clinical records were reviewed for signalment, fracture characteristics, imaging, treatment, and hospitalization. Long-term outcome was obtained via structured owner questionnaires addressing healing, complications, cosmetic appearance, and performance. Descriptive statistics were applied.

RESULTS

A total of 29 of 30 horses received treatment (25 surgical, 4 conservative); one was euthanized. A total of 28 fractures were displaced (and 16 involved the frontal bone). Computed tomography was performed in 11 cases. Postoperative median hospitalization after surgery was 11 days (range: 4-57). Sinus lavage during surgery was performed in 22 of 25 surgically treated horses (84%). Median antimicrobial and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) administration lasted 15 (range: 4-26) and 8 days (range: 2-24), respectively. Complications included temporary nasal discharge in nine horses (31%) and wound infection in two horses (6.9%). At a median follow-up time of 830 days (range: 142-1754), 28 of the 29 treated horses (96.6%) were successfully recovered. Cosmetic defects were recorded in 22 animals (75.9%). Of the 26 horses with available performance follow-up, all returned to their previous level of use.

CONCLUSION

Maxillofacial fractures in horses were successfully managed in nearly all cases, with favorable long-term outcomes and minimal impact on performance, despite frequent cosmetic defects.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: With timely treatment and supportive care, maxillofacial equine skull fractures carry an excellent prognosis for healing and return to use.