Rheumatoid arthritis of the shoulder.

The shoulder frequently is affected by rheumatoid arthritis (RA), often resulting in musculoskeletal dysfunction. The primary purpose of this article is to provide the clinician with an in-depth look at the pathological factors and treatment of RA as it affects the shoulder. The review includes sections on pathological factors, radiology, morbidity, clinical manifestations, and both conservative and surgical management. The secondary purpose of this article is to acquaint the clinician with some of the other rheumatic diseases in which shoulder dysfunction may occur. I hope that the presentation of management principles will stimulate discussion and interest regarding the scientific rationale for the treatment of musculoskeletal manifestations of RA.