Electrochemical immunosensors for KIM-1 and NGAL: recent advances toward early and point-of-care diagnosis of acute kidney injury.

Early and reliable detection of acute kidney injury (AKI) still remains an important challenge at the clinic. Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), which can be measured in both serum and urine samples, are among the most promising biomarkers for the diagnosis and monitoring of AKI. In the present review, we covered electrochemical immunosensors developed for the analysis of these two biomarker proteins of interest for the diagnosis of acute kidney injury and some other related /associated conditions. We compared these sensors with respect to multiple analytical parameters, such as limit of detection, and also highlighted the need for further research to be able to develop optimum sensors which can be accepted widely in the clinical settings in the diagnosis of AKI.