A mass cytometry method pairing T cell receptor and differentiation state analysis.

T cell antigen receptor (TCR) recognition followed by clonal expansion is a fundamental feature of adaptive immune responses. Here, we present a mass cytometric (CyTOF) approach to track T cell responses by combining antibodies for specific TCR Vα and Vβ chains with antibodies against T cell activation and differentiation proteins in mice. This strategy identifies expansions of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells expressing specific Vβ and Vα chains with varying differentiation states in response to Listeria monocytogenes, tumors and respiratory influenza infection. Expanded T cell populations expressing Vβ chains could be directly linked to the recognition of specific antigens from Listeria, tumor cells or influenza. In the setting of influenza infection, we found that common therapeutic approaches of intramuscular vaccination or convalescent serum transfer altered the TCR diversity and differentiation state of responding T cells. Thus, we present a method to monitor broad changes in TCR use paired with T cell phenotyping during adaptive immune responses.