Biomaterial-based treatments for structural reconstruction in intervertebral disc degeneration.

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a widespread degenerative condition that significantly contributes to low back pain (LBP), neurological complications, and motor impairments. These effects profoundly reduce patients' quality of life and burden public health systems substantially. Current treatments, including conservative therapies and surgical interventions, have limited success in preventing further degeneration or restoring intervertebral disc (IVD) function. Advances in bioengineering, particularly biomaterial-based therapies, offer promising solutions for treating IDD. These approaches target key pathological mechanisms, such as cell loss, microenvironmental deterioration, and structural defects, aiming to halt disease progression and promote regeneration. This review explores the potential of biomaterial-based formulations for functional cell supplementation, extracellular microenvironment regulation, and structural reconstruction. Addressing interactions between innovative biomaterials and pathological features highlights their capacity to advance regenerative therapies for IDD, offering valuable insights for developing more effective treatments.