The application prospect of metal/metal oxide nanoparticles in the treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration.

With advancements in molecular biology and tissue engineering, significant progress has been made in the treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). In recent years, biomaterials have broadened therapeutic options for IVDD, particularly through the incorporation of metals, which impart antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cellular repair properties. The combination of metal ions, nanomaterials, and bioactive molecules further enhances the capacity of these materials to scavenge free radicals, regulate cell activity, and improve the microenvironment, thereby increasing their therapeutic efficacy and providing new opportunities for IVDD treatment. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the roles of metal-based and metal oxide nanoparticles in the treatment of IVDD, while addressing current challenges and future prospects related to their therapeutic applications.