Recent advances in the diagnosis and management of tuberculosis infection and its application in prison inmates.

This review examines the current evidence on screening recommendations for M. tuberculosis infection (MTB), contemporary diagnostic approaches, and the indications and components of treatment-namely, who should be treated, when treatment is warranted, and which pharmacotherapeutic options are appropriate. To this end, World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations have been compiled, analyzing the changes introduced in recent years, particularly those following the development and implementation of a new class of MTB antigen-based skin tests. In the therapeutic domain, the classical long-course isoniazid regimen (6-9 months) is subjected to a critical comparative appraisal against shorter rifamycin-based regimens. For this purpose, documents issued by the WHO and by major national and international guidelines and consensus statements have been reviewed. The review focuses particularly on screening, diagnosis, and treatment in the incarcerated population.