Traumatic arterial spasm causing transient limb ischaemia: a genuine clinical entity.

The aim of this study was to determine the antimicrobial resistance characteristics of Listeria species isolated from foods and food processing environments, animal and human specimens in Iran. A systematic review of the papers published in Persian and English languages up to 20th May 2019 and indexed in the Scientific Information Database, PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases using related keywords was conducted. Eligible articles were selected based on the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, followed by data extraction and meta-analysis using random-effects or fixed-effects models. A total of 27 articles were found reporting antibiotic resistance patterns of different Listeria species using disk diffusion method. Among Listeria species, Listeria monocytogenes resistance to commonly used antibiotics i.e. penicillin, ampicillin and gentamicin was as follows: 34.5%, 26.4%, 8.9% in isolates from foods and food processing environments, 47.1%, 29.5%, 9.2% in isolates from animal specimens and 56.8%, 29.5%, 32.4% in human strains, respectively. A high prevalence of L. monocytogenes strains resistant to penicillin, ampicillin and gentamicin was observed in Iran. Our findings suggested that trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, vancomycin and ciprofloxacin can be used as alternatives in the treatment of human listeriosis in Iran due to their low resistance rates.