Microbiology of fracture related infections.

Fracture related infection remains a challenging complication that creates a heavy burden for orthopaedic trauma patients, their families, treating physicians and healthcare systems. Even current curative approaches (radical debridement, revision surgery and long-term antibiotics) often result in significant socioeconomic costs and the risk of life-long functional impairment to the patient. The prevalence of osteomyelitis due to trauma and surgical complications does not seem to be diminishing in our society and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance is a major health related concern with global relevance. Despite multi-drug resistant bacteria being on the rise universally, perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in orthopaedic trauma care has only slightly changed in the last 25 years. Staphylococcus infections remain an increasing global concern, partially due to the resistance mechanisms developed by staphylococci to evade the host immune system and antibiotic treatment, and as such antibiotics are becoming increasingly ineffective. This paper will address fracture related infections in trauma patients, looking at the bacteriology of these infections, its clinical implications and evolving nature.