Dynamic remodeling of the pulmonary microenvironment driven by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: Mechanisms and implications.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a pathogen responsible for causing a persistent infection in the host lungs. Tuberculosis (TB), resulting from Mtb infection, is a severe infectious disease that significantly impacts human health. Despite the availability of effective methods for preventing and treating TB, the complex pulmonary microenvironment induced by Mtb can complicate treatment efforts. This microenvironment not only affects the function and activity of immune cells but also regulates the production of cytokines. Additionally, the metabolic level of host cells is altered to resist infection. However, Mtb also exploits host nutrients to evade immune clearance. The impact of chemical factors in the pulmonary microenvironment on the immune response also warrants attention. In summary, the pulmonary microenvironment plays a complex and critical role in TB, and its dynamic balance affects the efficacy of treatment. Elucidating the specific mechanisms by which the pulmonary microenvironment regulates Mtb infection is crucial for developing effective treatment strategies.