Nanozymes in Bone Regeneration: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Applications.

Nanozymes, an emerging class of nanomaterials, demonstrate enzyme-like activities and have significantly broadened the enzyme mimicry field by extending it from organic to inorganic materials. Their affordability, multifunctionality, and enhanced stability under harsh conditions position them as potential replacements for natural enzymes in various applications. Nanozymes have demonstrated tremendous application potential in orthopedic diseases including osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, bone regeneration, bacteria-related infections, rheumatoid arthritis, and osteosarcoma. The regenerative repair of bone defects is a critical research direction in modern medicine, where bone remodeling and regeneration are essential for maintaining skeletal integrity and mineral homeostasis. Nanozymes play a significant role in bone regeneration and repair by regulating the balance between osteoblasts and osteoclasts, promoting vascular and neural regeneration, controlling infections, and modulating cellular immune functions. This article discusses the latest advancements in applying nanozymes in bone tissue regenerative medicine. It reviews the mechanisms through which nanozymes facilitate osteogenesis and enhance bone regeneration. Additionally, this review examines the current uses of various nanozymes in bone regeneration and explores both the prospects and the challenges of nanozymes in clinical therapies.