The Listeriolysin O PEST-like Sequence Co-opts AP-2-Mediated Endocytosis to Prevent Plasma Membrane Damage during Listeria Infection.

Listeriolysin O (LLO) is a cholesterol-dependent cytolysin that mediates escape of Listeria monocytogenes from a phagosome, enabling growth of the bacteria in the host cell cytosol. LLO contains a PEST-like sequence that prevents it from killing infected cells, but the mechanism involved is unknown. We found that the LLO PEST-like sequence was necessary to mediate removal of LLO from the interior face of the plasma membrane, where it coalesces into discrete puncta. LLO interacts with Ap2a2, an adaptor protein involved in endocytosis, via its PEST-like sequence, and Ap2a2-dependent endocytosis is required to prevent LLO-induced cytotoxicity. An unrelated PEST-like sequence from a human G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), which also interacts with Ap2a2, could functionally complement the PEST-like sequence in L. monocytogenes LLO. These data revealed that LLO co-opts the host endocytosis machinery to protect the integrity of the host plasma membrane during L. monocytogenes infection.