Epidemiology, etiology, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment of low back pain.

Low back pain continues to affect a significant proportion of the younger, working population between 35 and 45 years of age. An important study has correlated macroscopic and microscopic intervertebral disc alterations starting in the second decade of life with oxidative stress manifested by the presence of N-(carboxylmethyl)lysine. Job satisfaction remains a strong predictive factor for the identification of individuals with acute back pain who will develop chronic pain. Patients with pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis may have an increase in their erythrocyte sedimentation rate during the first 2 weeks of antibiotic therapy without requiring surgical intervention. Magnetic resonance imaging enhancement of migrated disc fragments identifies individuals who are likely to resolve sciatica without surgical intervention. As many as 25% of individuals with low back pain are symptomatic at 12 months, in contradistinction to the dictum of resolution of pain in 2 months. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and muscle relaxants are a very effective combination for the effective treatment of acute low back pain. A majority of chiropractic manipulations are performed for inappropriate indications.