TB screening and prevention in migrants, refugees, and stateless populations in the Global South.

TB remains a major global health threat, disproportionately affecting migrants, refugees, and stateless populations (MRS). Despite WHO recommendations, many high-burden countries lack systematic screening and preventive strategies targeting these groups. Evidence shows that TB infection (TBI) is highly prevalent among MRS and that timely screening and preventive treatment are cost-effective and essential for TB elimination. Here we discuss the ethical, clinical, and policy imperatives of expanding TBI screening in the Global South, highlighting Brazil as a case study. We call for equity-driven approaches to TB prevention, integrating MRS into national health agendas.