Lessons from organoid engineering for rheumatic disease.

Organoids are three-dimensional (3D) culture models developed from stem cells that aim to mimic both organ structure and functions. This technique is developing in the field of translational research, emerging as a key model through its multiple applications. Numerous models have been developed from various organs, allowing disease modelling, drug screening and hopes in regenerative medicine. First developments in the field of rheumatic diseases have been made notably in osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and Sjögren disease. In this review, we will focus on the establishment of organoid culture and the development and potential applications of 3D culture in rheumatic diseases.