Nanoparticles in the treatment of osteoporosis: recent advances in nanoparticles for the treatment of osteoporosis.

Osteoporosis (OP) is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by reduced bone mass, deterioration of bone microarchitecture, and a significantly elevated risk of fractures. With the intensification of population aging, the incidence of OP continues to rise, making it a major global public health concern. Traditional or conventional therapeutic regimens for OP primarily rely on calcium and vitamin D supplementation combined with bisphosphonates or hormone replacement therapy, which have some obvious limitations including side effects. Oral bisphosphonates tend to irritate the oesophageal mucosa, and long-term use of hormone drugs may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. In recent years, nanoparticles (NPs) have become an emerging direction in the treatment of OP due to their unique physicochemical properties and biocompatibility. This article has systematically reviewed the research progress of NPs in this field. First, we summarized their fundamental characteristics, Furthermore, this article reviewed various types of NPs applied in OP management, and analyzed their respective advantages, limitations, and clinical application prospects. Ultimately, this study not only summarizes the current landscape but also charts a future course by proposing developmental pathways and clinical translation strategies. This review aims to provide a clear theoretical basis and directional guidance for future researchers in designing efficient and safe nanotherapeutic systems, thereby accelerating the clinical application of nanotechnology in the field of precision treatment for OP.