Advances in precision medicine for lupus nephritis: biomarker- and AI-driven diagnosis and treatment response prediction and targeted therapies.

With the rapid evolution of precision medicine, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies for lupus nephritis (LN) are progressively shifting towards greater personalisation and accuracy. On the diagnostic front, the discovery and deployment of novel molecular biomarkers, together with the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies, have opened new avenues for delineating disease subtypes and forecasting treatment responses, thereby optimising clinical decision-support systems. In the therapeutic domain, innovations in targeted biologics and the precise application of diverse targeted modalities have shown promise in enhancing efficacy while reducing adverse effects. The triadic synergy of molecular biomarker breakthroughs, iterative advances in intelligent computational tools and pioneering targeted therapies is poised to usher LN in a new era of customised diagnosis and intervention.