Cytotoxic granules and effector molecules from immune cells in tuberculosis: Mechanisms of host defense and therapeutic potential.

Tuberculosis (TB), a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains one of the most formidable infectious diseases globally. The immune system orchestrates a complex response including, but not limited to, T lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs) to control and eliminate Mtb. While these cells are well-recognized for their roles in anti-tumor immunity, their contributions to the defense against Mtb are equally critical. This review delves into the specific mechanisms by which these immune cells release cytotoxic enzymes and effector molecules, offering new insights into their pivotal roles in Mtb clearance. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms is essential for developing more effective strategies to combat tuberculosis.