[The role of nutrition in osteoprotection].

BACKGROUND

Nutrition represents an essential non-pharmacological factor in the prevention of osteoporosis. Evidence-based findings support that adequate intake of protein, calcium, and vitamin D promotes bone health. Vitamin D and calcium, particularly in combination, demonstrate preventive effects. The evidence regarding vitamin K2 supplementation remains inconsistent, and current guidelines do not recommend its use.

FOOD COMPOSITION: Fermented dairy products, calcium-rich mineral waters, and a Mediterranean dietary pattern are associated with higher bone mineral density and a reduced fracture rate. Plant-based diets such as veganism carry an increased fracture risk if macronutrient and micronutrient intake is inadequate. Recent findings also highlight the role of the gut microbiome in osteoprotection. Overall, current data underscore the importance of a balanced, nutrient-rich diet in the prevention of osteoporotic fractures.