Controversy in anterior shoulder instability.

The main areas of controversy in anterior shoulder instability are acute dislocation, recurrent instability, pain and instability in the "throwing athlete", and the role of arthroscopy. Treatment of the acute dislocation involves rest initially, followed by aggressive rehabilitation with protection of the shoulder until strength and motion have returned and pain and apprehension have resolved. Patients with recurrent instability may be seen with a variety of clinical scenarios. The surgical indications, pathology, and two methods of soft-tissue reconstruction are described along with an approach to postoperative rehabilitation. Return to sporting activity may be feasible by three months. The current thinking on the painful shoulder in the "throwing athlete" is outlined. Management must be based on an accurate diagnosis. Strengthening of the rotator cuff and scapular stabilizers is recommended with surgery to correct the pathology in those who fail this program. Arthroscopy is a valid tool in the diagnosis of anterior shoulder instability. The clinical significance of some intraarticular findings has not yet been clarified. Therapeutic use should be undertaken only in experienced hands, appreciating that failure of arthroscopic repair is higher than comparable open surgical techniques. The open approach to anterior stabilization is preferred.