Hand osteomyelitis in arterial calcification, diabetes mellitus and end-stage renal failure: a comparison of 210 cases over 12 years.

We present 210 patients with hand osteomyelitis in 246 rays over 12 years, including detailed analysis of 29 patients in this cohort with digital artery calcification evident on plain X-ray. Overall 71 patients had diabetes mellitus and/or end-stage renal failure, including 28 of 29 patients with calcification. In the calcification group, 17 patients had ipsilateral arteriovenous fistulae, five had steal syndrome and 15 had digital ulceration or skin necrosis. Compared with 181 controls, patients with calcification had more affected bones, polymicrobial infections, surgical procedures, phalanges and digits amputated and had higher mortality at 1 year (12 of 29) and 5 years (20 of 29), as a result of comorbidities. Absence of calcification in 43 patients with diabetes and/or end-stage renal failure was associated with better outcomes on all the above parameters. Early amputation to maximize disease-free survival may be appropriate for patients with hand osteomyelitis and arterial calcification.Level of evidence: IV.