Growth plate physiology and pathology.

The growth plate is made of cartilaginous, bony, and fibrous components, which act together to achieve longitudinal bone growth. The unique metabolism of the growth plate is a result of its unique microcirculation and extracellular microenvironment. The growth plate chondrocytes are responsive to both mechanical and hormonal stimuli, which can alter their normal function. Pathologic states result from environmental, hormonal, nutritional, and genetic factors.