Nanomaterials-Based Immunotherapy for Atherosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis is considered one of the main causes of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Both innate and adaptive immune responses are crucial in their development. In recent years, various immunotherapies have emerged, involving mechanisms such as inflammatory cell recruitment, efferocytosis, extracellular traps, and adaptive immune vaccines. However, immunotherapeutic agents often have inherent limitations, resulting in suboptimal effectiveness or severe adverse effects. Therefore, designing nanomaterials for targeted delivery of immunotherapeutic drugs is an effective strategy to improve efficacy and reduce toxicity. This review discusses the immune features and immunotherapeutic strategies involved in atherosclerosis progression. It introduces different nanomaterial delivery systems for atherosclerosis and their applications in immune-based therapies. Additionally, this article explores future directions for nanomaterials in immunotherapy, helping researchers address clinical challenges beyond current treatments.