Bone-muscle interactions.

Bone and skeletal muscle jointly govern motor function, working in coordination as anatomically adjacent organs, and collaborate with through mechanical interactions. Bone and muscle cells are both derived from common mesenchymal stem cells. Muscle tissues reportedly support fracture healing and bone repair. Common factors affect muscle and bone simultaneously, and sarcopenia and osteoporosis are complications of various diseases. Research on bone-muscle interactions has progressed in the past 15 years, and clinical evidence has confirmed that a relationship exists between sarcopenia and osteoporosis. Numerous myokines or osteokines play a role in bone-muscle interactions, and the involvement of extracellular vesicles has also been suggested. Research on bone-muscle interactions may translate into clinical applications for the treatment of sarcopenia and osteoporosis.