Comminuted fractures of the proximal humerus - principles of the diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation.

Comminuted fractures of the proximal humerus impair shoulder function, resulting in more or less severe disability. They rank among the most frequent fractures in adults, with incidence increasing with age and the degree of bone loss (osteoporosis). Among all currently used methods of stabilization of proximal humeral fractures, the best outcomes are afforded by angularly-stable plate fixation and interlocking or reconstructive intramedullary nailing. Both methods produce comparable results enabling bone union and restoration of limb functionality. Nevertheless, in elderly patients with advanced bone loss, in whom anatomical reduction of bone fragments is difficult or impossible, stabilization questionable and patient cooperation in the postoperative rehabilitation impossible to enforce, arthroplasty should be considered. Non-displaced or minimally displaced fractures may be treated conservatively by immobilizing the limb in an orthosis for three weeks. Nevertheless, the recommendations for operative interventions are being broadened, as stabilization eliminates the need to immobilize the limb, thus not affecting the patient's professional and social activities, enabling immediate rehabilitation, reducing the risk of joint stiffness and shortening recovery time.