One Health Approach to Zoonotic Risks and Healthcare Barriers in Transhumant Pastoralists.

Transhumant pastoralist communities in the Kashmir Himalayas represent a marginalized and understudied population, particularly vulnerable to health risks due to their mobility and isolation. This study examines their healthcare practices, knowledge, and attitudes (KAP), with a focus on zoonotic disease exposure. Data from 384 respondents revealed that only 15% were aware of zoonotic diseases, despite 80% reporting frequent disease outbreaks. Access to health care was limited for 71% of participants, hindered by geographic isolation, poor transportation, and financial constraints. A significant positive correlation (r = 0.641, p < 0.05) was found between knowledge, attitudes, and practices, suggesting that greater awareness can lead to improved health behaviors. Traditional healing systems, including herbal and spiritual remedies, were used by 75% of respondents. However, poor hygiene and livestock care practices, such as infrequent handwashing (60%) and low vaccination rates (90%), further increased health vulnerabilities. The findings urge the adoption of integrated, culturally responsive healthcare methods based on the One Health concept. Mobile health and veterinary units, community-driven health education, and participatory disease surveillance should all be implemented to successfully minimize zoonotic hazards and enhance the overall well-being of transhumant communities.